Computing L- and M-edge spectra using the DFT/CIS method with spin–orbit coupling

Abstract

Modeling L-edge spectra at X-ray wavelengths requires consideration of spin–orbit splitting of the 2p orbitals. We introduce a low-cost tool to compute core-level spectra that combines a spin–orbit mean-field description of the Breit–Pauli Hamiltonian with nonrelativistic excited states computed using the semi-empirical density-functional theory configuration-interaction singles (DFT/CIS) method, within the state-interaction approach. Our version of DFT/CIS was introduced recently for K-edge spectra and includes a semi-empirical correction to the core orbital energies, significantly reducing ad hoc shifts that are typically required when time-dependent (TD-)DFT is applied to core-level excitations. In combination with the core/valence separation approximation and spin–orbit couplings, the DFT/CIS method affords semiquantitative L-edge spectra at CIS cost. Spin–orbit coupling has a qualitative effect on the spectra, as demonstrated for a variety of 3d transition metal systems and main-group compounds. The use of different active orbital spaces helps to facilitate spectral assignments. We find that spin–orbit splitting has a negligible effect on M-edge spectra for 3d transition metal species.

Graphical abstract: Computing L- and M-edge spectra using the DFT/CIS method with spin–orbit coupling

Supplementary files

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Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
02 May 2025
Accepted
11 Jul 2025
First published
11 Jul 2025
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY license

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2025, Advance Article

Computing L- and M-edge spectra using the DFT/CIS method with spin–orbit coupling

A. Mandal and J. M. Herbert, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2025, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D5CP01656H

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