Metal-free pyridinium salts with strong room-temperature phosphorescence and microsecond radiative lifetime

Abstract

Easily processed metal-free phosphorescent luminophores with a fast rate of phosphorescence are emerging as promising materials for advanced optoelectronics. Alkylation of modified Vitamin B6 vitamer (pyridoxine) affords a family of pyridinium-derived ionic pairs 17 exhibiting variable anion-π interactions in the solid state. Such a noncovalent cation-anion network promotes tunable room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP, λem = 510-565 nm) in crystalline materials stemming from anion(I-)-π(pyridinium+) charge transfer. Systematic X-ray structural and computational studies manifest the key role of the anion(I-)-π(pyridinium+) distance to the spin-orbit coupling, hence the observed RTP. For the studied pyridinium salts with RTP, the radiative rate constants (kr) reach up to 0.9–1.3×105 s⁻¹ which are competitive with those of many noble metal emitters. Ion pair 2 reached an RTP with a quantum yield of 93% and was successfully demonstrated as an excellent X-Ray scintillating dye in neat film. The demonstrated strategy of attaining intense RTP in small metal-free accessible molecules, i.e., atom-photon economy, represents a new twist in designing efficient and sustainable photofunctional molecular materials.

Supplementary files

Transparent peer review

To support increased transparency, we offer authors the option to publish the peer review history alongside their article.

View this article’s peer review history

Article information

Article type
Edge Article
Submitted
26 May 2025
Accepted
14 Aug 2025
First published
15 Aug 2025
This article is Open Access

All publication charges for this article have been paid for by the Royal Society of Chemistry
Creative Commons BY license

Chem. Sci., 2025, Accepted Manuscript

Metal-free pyridinium salts with strong room-temperature phosphorescence and microsecond radiative lifetime

E. Hakkarainen, H. Lin, A. A. Nechaev, V. A. Peshkov, T. Eskelinen, K. Chang, T. Liao, P. Chen, I. O. Koshevoy, H. Lin, P. Chou and A. Belyaev, Chem. Sci., 2025, Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.1039/D5SC03813H

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. You can use material from this article in other publications without requesting further permissions from the RSC, provided that the correct acknowledgement is given.

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.

Social activity

Spotlight

Advertisements